High-Performance Fuzzy Fractional-Order PID-Based Control Strategy for Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems with Active Power Filtering Capability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24237/djes.2026.19104Keywords:
Fuzzy fractional-order proportional-integral derivative controller; photovoltaic system; maximum power point tracking; directpower control; space vector modulation; synchronous reference frame.Abstract
Currently, meeting grid standards for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar power systems is a major challenge, particularly in terms of energy quality under conditions of non-linear loads, fluctuations in solar radiation, and parameter uncertainties. Conventional strategies based on proportional–integral–derivative (PID) regulators often suffer from limited robustness, higher total harmonic distortion (THD) of current, and noticeable fluctuations in voltage and power. To address these limitations, this work proposes a high-performance control strategy based on a fuzzy fractional-order PID (FFOPID) controller for a grid-connected PV system with efficient energy filtering capability. The proposed approach combines the robustness of fuzzy logic with the flexibility and memory characteristics of fractional-order control to regulate the DC-link voltage, ensure a unity power factor, reduce THD, and enhance dynamic performance. A systematic design methodology is developed to determine and optimize the FFOPID parameters. The studied system includes a PV array, a two-level inverter using space vector modulation, an inductive filter, a nonlinear load, and the utility grid. The proposed method is validated through MATLAB simulations and compared with the PI approach. Results demonstrate that the FFOPID significantly improves the overall system performance. In particular, the THD of the grid current is reduced from 4.05% with the PI to 0.63% with the proposed method. In addition, DC-link voltage fluctuations are minimized, and power oscillations are effectively suppressed. Stable operation is also maintained under sudden variations in solar irradiance and load conditions, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach for advanced grid-connected PV systems requiring high power quality.
Downloads
References
[1] S. Devassy and B. Singh, "Performance Analysis of Solar PV Array and Battery Integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Microgrid Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4027-4035, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2984439.
[2] S. Kadi, H. Benbouhenni, A. Yahdou, et al., "Performance optimization of wind turbines via fractional-order type 2 fuzzy MPPT control," Measurement and Control vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1-25, 2025. Doi: 10.1177/00202940251398969.
[3] P. Shah, I. Hussain, and B. Singh, “Coordinated control of active power filter and photovoltaic inverter for power quality improvement in grid-tied systems,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 135, pp. 107512, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.107512.
[4] G. Ramesh, J. Logeshwaran, T. Kiruthiga, and J. Lloret, “Prediction of energy production level in large PV plants through auto-encoder based neural network with restricted Boltzmann feature extraction,” Future Internet., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 46, 2023, doi: 10.3390/fi15020046.
[5] B. Habib, et al., “Fractional-order synergetic control of the asynchronous generator-based variable-speed multi-rotor wind power systems,” in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 133490-133508, 2024. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3335902.
[6] H. Li et al., "Power Supply Reliability Enhancement for Low-Voltage Distribution Area With Power Quality Improvement Function," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 130619-130631, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3229424.
[7] P. M. Reddy, B. K. Gupta and K. R. Sekhar, "Design and Implementation of Load Network Time Constant Computation Based Solar Active Power Filters Cum Injector for Industrial Loads/Grids," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 19967-19982, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3361309.
[8] K. Hasan, M. M. Othman, S. T. Meraj, S. Mekhilef and A. F. B. Abidin, "Shunt Active Power Filter Based on Savitzky-Golay Filter: Pragmatic Modelling and Performance Validation," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 8838-8850, July 2023, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2023.3258457.
[9] S. M. Belhadj, B. Meliani, H. Benbouhenni, S. Zaidi, Z. M. S. Elbarbary, M. M. Alammer, "Control of multi-level quadratic DC-DC boost converter for photovoltaic systems using type-2 fuzzy logic technique-based MPPT approaches," Heliyon, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. e42181, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42181.
[10] A. Belhadj Djilali, A. Yahdou, E. Bounadja, et al., "Fuzzy Logic Based-Perturb and Observe Control with Energy Management for Photovoltaic-Battery and Diesel Hybrid System," Arab J Sci Eng vol. 50, pp. 5439–5461, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09348-0.
[11] B. Abdelhakim et al., “Smart power conditioning unit utilizing enhanced INC–Con MPPT for photovoltaic power plants,” Int. J. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 41–45, 2024, doi: 10.20508/ijsmartgrid.v8i1.330.g335.
[12] Kh. N. Khallouf, Z. Laid, B. Habib, N. Debdouche, Z. M. S. Elbarbary, "Adaptive fuzzy logic control for microgrid-connected hybrid photovoltaic/wind generation systems," Energy Reports, vol. 12, pp. 4741-4756, Dec 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.10.042.
[13] M. B. Bentrad, T. Bahi, and A. Boulassel, “Adaptive hybrid MPPT using artificial intelligence for an autonomous PV system,” Int. J. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 27–34, 2024, doi: 10.20508/ijsmartgrid.v8i1.328.g331.
[14] F. Ouafia et al., “Optimized MPPT for aero-generator system using feed-forward neural network,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1134–1144, 2023, doi: 10.20508/ijrer.v13i3.14002.g8785.
[15] K. D. Clément, H. K. Charles, and M. L. Bertrand, “Duty-cycle modulation and fuzzy controller for MPPT of a solar panel,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 70–80, 2022, doi: 10.20508/ijrer.v12i1.12628.g8374.
[16] M. A. Hannan et al., “Particle swarm optimization based fuzzy logic MPPT inverter controller for grid-connected wind turbine,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 164–174, 2019.
[17] A. S. Ahmed et al., “A fuzzy logic-based MPPT technique for PMSG wind generation system,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1751–1760, 2019, https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v9i4.10138.g7778.
[18] Y. Ishaque, T. Benbouhenni, and A. Larbes, “Analysis of genetic and cuckoo search algorithms for MPPT under partial shading,” Int. J. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35–40, 2024, https://doi.org/10.20508/ijsmartgrid.v8i1.329.g330.
[19] W. Cherif et al., “Energy management system for stand-alone multi-source grid using genetic algorithm,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 59–69, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2185713.
[20] K. Ishaque et al., “An improved PSO-based MPPT for PV with reduced steady-state oscillation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, pp. 3627–3638, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2185713.
[21] B. S. Goud and B. L. Rao, “Power quality improvement in hybrid renewable energy source grid-connected system with grey wolf optimization,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1071–1082, 2020, doi: 10.20508/ijrer.v10i3.11318.g8004.
[22] H. Azli et al., “Novel yellow saddle goatfish algorithm for PV systems under partial shading,” Solar Energy, vol. 247, pp. 295–307, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2022.10.029.
[23] Y. Hoon et al., “Integrated I-ADALINE neural network and selective filtering techniques,” Symmetry, vol. 17, pp. 1337, 2025, doi:10.3390/sym17081337.
[24] B. Condemaita and M. Ruiz, “Harmonic mitigation and energy savings in distribution feeders,” Energies, vol. 18, pp. 5582, 2025, doi:10.3390/en18215582.
[25] M. I. M. Montero et al., “Comparison of control strategies for shunt active power filters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 229–236, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2006.886616.
[26] A. Fereidouni and M. A. Masoum, “Adaptive space-vector hysteresis-based control,” Intell. Ind. Syst., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 319–334, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40903‑016‑0064‑7.
[27] K. Swetha and V. Sivachidambaranathan, “Comparative analysis of DSTATCOM using PI and SOSMC,” in Proc. AI Evol. Comput. Eng. Syst., 2020, pp. 193–203, 2020, doi: doi: 10.1007/s40903‑016‑0064‑7.
[28] M. T. Benchouia et al., “Sliding mode and PI control of shunt active power filter,” Energy Procedia, vol. 50, pp. 504–511, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.061.
[29] R. Arun and B. Ramkiran, “Shunt active power filter using hysteresis and PI control,” in Proc. IC-GET, 2015, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/GET.2015.7453860.
[30] S. Ahmad et al., “Chattering-free sliding mode control,” Electronics, vol. 12, p. 876, 2023, doi: 10.3390/electronics12040876.
[31] E. Obukhova et al., “Synergetic synthesis of nonlinear throttle control laws,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, p. 1797, 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12041797.
[32] B. Habib, “A comparative study between DTC-NSTMC and DTC-FSTSMC control schemes for a DFIG-based wind turbine,” Majlesi J. Energy Manag., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–8, 2018, http://journals.iaumajlesi.ac.ir/em/index/index.php/em/article/view/370.
[33] B. L. Liu, Y. B. Zha, and T. Zhang, “Sliding mode control of solid-state transformer using a three-level hysteresis function,” J. Central South Univ., vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2063–2074, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-016-3262-2.
[34] S. Kadi et al., “A direct vector control based on modified sliding mode control for double-powered induction generator-based wind turbine systems,” Energy Rep., vol. 8, pp. 15057–15066, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.052
[35] H. Benbouhenni, F. Mehedi, and S. Laifa, “New direct power synergetic sliding mode control technique for DFIG-based wind power,” Automatika, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 718–731, 2022, doi: 10.1080/00051144.2022.2065801.
[36] H. Benbouhenni and N. Bizon, “Synergetic sliding mode controller applied to direct field-oriented control of induction generator-based wind turbines,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 4437, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14154437.
[37] H. A. Mosalam, R. A. Amer, and G. A. Morsy, “Fuzzy logic control for grid-connected PV array using Z-source inverter,” Ain Shams Eng. J., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2931–2941, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.10.001.
[38] M. A. Hannan et al., “Fuzzy logic inverter controller in photovoltaic applications: Issues and recommendations,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 24934–24955, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2899610.
[39] T. Vigneysh and N. Kumarappan, “Grid interconnection of renewable energy sources using multifunctional converters,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 151, pp. 359–368, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.010.
[40] H. M. Hasanien and M. Matar, “Fuzzy logic controller for autonomous operation of voltage source converter-based DG system,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 158–165, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2327398.
[41] Zaidi Sarra, Meliani Bouziane, Riyadh Bouddou, Habib Benbouhenni, Saad Mekhilef, Z.M.S. Elbarbary, "Intelligent control of hybrid energy storage system using NARX-RBF neural network techniques for microgrid energy management," Energy Reports, vol. 12, pp. 5445-5461, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.11.023.
[42] Naamane Debdouche, Laid Zarour, Ali Chebabhi, Noureddine Bessous, Habib Benbouhenni, Ilhami Colak, Genetic algorithm-super-twisting technique for grid-connected PV system associate with filter. Energy Reports, vol. 10, pp. 4231-4252, November 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.10.074.
[43] Brahim Deffaf, Hamoudi Farid, Habib Benbouhenni, Slimane Medjmadj, Naamane Debdouche, “Synergetic control for three-level voltage source inverter-based shunt active power filter to improve power quality,” Energy Reports, Vol. 10, pp. 1013-1027, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.07.051.
[44] N. Debdouche, L. Zarour, Habib Benbouhenni, F. Mehazzem, B. Deffaf, “Robust integral backstepping control microgrid connected photovoltaic System with battery energy storage through multi-functional voltage source inverter using direct power control SVM strategies,” Energy Reports, Vol. 10, pp. 565-580, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.07.012.
[45] B. Youcefa et al., “Backstepping direct power control for grid-connected PV system,” Adv. Model. Control, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2019, https://doi.org/10.18280/ama_c.740101.
[46] B. Deffaf et al., “Comparative analysis between backstepping, sliding mode and PI control applied to shunt active filter,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Adv. Electr. Eng. (ICAEE), 2022, pp. 1–6, 2022, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9961971.
[47] E. Edet and R. Katebi, “On fractional predictive PID controller design method,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 8555–8560, 2017, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405896317319626.
[48] N. Hamouda et al., “Optimal tuning of fractional-order PID controller using ant colony optimization,” J. Eur. Syst. Autom., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 157–166, 2020, https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.530201.
[49] H. Gasmi et al., “Fractional-order PI super-twisting sliding mode controller for wind energy systems,” J. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1357–1373, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43236-022-00430-0.
[50] R. Pradhan et al., “Optimal fractional-order PID controller design using ant lion optimizer,” Ain Shams Eng. J., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 281–291, 2020, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447919301418.
[51] J. L. Azcue-Puma et al., “Fuzzy logic-based stator-flux-oriented direct torque control,” J. Control Autom. Electr. Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 46–54, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-013-0091-5.
[52] M. Moallem et al., “Multi-objective genetic-fuzzy optimal design of PI controller,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 3608–3612, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1109/20.952673.
[53] T.-C. Ahn et al., “Design of neuro-fuzzy controller on DSP for real-time induction motor control,” in Proc. IFSA–NAFIPS World Congr., 2002, pp. 3038–3043, 2002, https://neuro.bstu.by/ai/To-dom/My_research/Review-DONE/Ukr-com-2007/FinalProgram.pdf#page=143.
[54] M. A. Khan, A. Merabet, and L. Liu, “Resilient fractional-order sliding mode control of hybrid active power filters,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 158, p. 109867, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109867.
[55] M. Singh et al., “Frequency stabilization using cascade noninteger fuzzy controller,” Energy Sources Part A, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 6213–6235, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15567036.2022.2046271.
[56] Y. Arya, “ICA-assisted fractional controller for AGC performance enhancement,” J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1919–1935, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12652-022-04440-1.
[57] T. T. Nguyen et al., “Distributed cooperative control of heterogeneous active power filters,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 567–580, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2023.3290528.
[58] N. Debdouche et al., “Direct power control of three-level multifunctional VSI using super-twisting algorithm,” Energies, vol. 16, pp. 4103, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104103.
[59] S. Ouchen et al., “Robust DPC-SVM control strategy for shunt active power filter,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 117, p. 105699, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105699.
[60] S. Musa et al., “Modified SRF-based shunt active power filter with fuzzy logic PWM,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 758, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/en10060758.
[61] D. Naamane et al., “Power quality improvement using third-order sliding mode DPC,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng., vol. 47, pp. 1473–1490, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-023-00627-4.
[62] M. V. and A. Bhattacharya, “Peak power demand management using SMC-controlled SAPF,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 5270–5281, 2021, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?queryText=Peak+power+demand+management+SMC+controlled+SAPF.
[63] X. Chen et al., “Digital twin-assisted MPC for harmonic mitigation,” Appl. Energy, vol. 350, p. 121756, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121756.
[64] H. Nikkhah Kashani et al., “Optimal cascade non-integer controller for shunt active power filter,” Designs, vol. 6, p. 32, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6020032.
[65] B. Deffaf et al., “New control strategy for improving power quality of three-level T-type inverter,” Electronics, vol. 12, p. 2117, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122117
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Salem Hafsia, Mohamed Toufik Benchouia, Habib Benbouhenni, Abdessmad Milles, Amel Terki, Nicu Bizon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
